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The majority of people in the top beef-producing states are vegetarian, and there is a preference for chicken, mutton and egg among non-vegetarians. In addition, there is very little demand for the meat locally. Another is that beef slaughtered in India is halal by law, thereby becoming accessible to Muslim-majority countries in North Africa, and West and Southeast Asia. One of the main reasons that Indian carabeef exports are so lucrative is because they are priced 20% cheaper than meat from Brazil. In the year 2018-19, as per the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Indian beef exports were valued at a whopping INR 25,168.33 crores, with Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and Iraq being the biggest importers. This reduces their financial reliance on meat-selling and leads to lower prices for consumers. While American and Brazilian farmers typically rear cattle specifically for slaughter, Indian farmers use cattle in mixed farming systems for transport, grazing, fertilization, dairy, and meat, thereby opening multiple avenues for income. Usually, cattle that no longer yield milk are sold to an abattoir for the meat industry. The countrywide average of cattle-owning households is around 30 per cent, but less than 15 per cent of cattle-owning households own non-milk producing bovine. Despite this, India is the second-largest beef exporter in the world after Brazil, and the Indian livestock sector contributed to about 4.5% of the country’s total GDP in 2015-16. While beef is traditionally understood as meat from cows and buffaloes, the Indian government only allows for the slaughter and export of buffalo meat, commonly known as carabeef. However, the economic viability of these industries is under threat by limited regulations, poor sanitation and disease management strategies, and Hindutva forces pushing for beef bans and executing vigilante justice through mob lynchings.
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The word 'beef' in India immediately conjures images of sacred cows, but in fact, the beef and livestock industries are significant contributors to the Indian economy.